[22] Ronald M.Davidson,Indian Esoteric Buddhism:A Social History of the Tantric Movement,New York:Columbia University Press,2002.
[23] Henrik H.S?rensen,“On Esoteric Buddhism in China:A working definition”,Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia,pp.155-175.
[24] Giuseppe Tucci,The Religions of Tibet,translated by Geoffrey Samuel,Berkeley:University of California Press,1980,p.260.
[25] Hugh B.Urban,Tantra:Sex,Secrecy,Politics,and Power in the Study of Religion,Berkeley:University of California Press,2003,“Introduction:Diagnosing the‘disease’of Tantra”,pp.1-43.Jonathan Z.Smith先生曾经于20世纪80年代提出过一个非常有影响力的命题,即所谓“想象宗教”(imagining religion),认为宗教本身是人类想象的产物,是我们自己创造性的比较和归纳行为的产物。Jonathan Z.Smith,Imagining Religion:From Babylon to Jonestown,Chicago:Chicago University Press,1982.而密教这一概念的构建在一定程度上印证了Smith的这个“想象宗教”的说法,但其过程或更为复杂。它不只是西方思维和学术想象的产物,而是一个东西方的、学术与大众想象的复杂、混合的创造。多年前又有学者对所谓“世界宗教”(world religion)这个概念于19世纪的西方的创造过程作了类似的研究,参见Tomoko Masuzawa,The Invention of World Religions,or,How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism,Chicago:Chicago University Press,2005.